Which surgical approach involves splitting the latissimus dorsi and oblique muscles?

The flank incision is specifically designed to access the retroperitoneal structures and the kidney, and it requires the splitting of the latissimus dorsi and oblique muscles. This approach allows for optimal exposure of the anatomical region while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues.

In contrast, a midline incision runs vertically along the midline of the abdomen, providing access to a wide range of abdominal organs but does not involve splitting the latissimus dorsi or oblique muscles. A transverse incision is made horizontally and can be used for various procedures but again does not specifically target the muscles mentioned. A vertical incision, although it can enter the abdominal cavity, is typically used for other indications and does not specifically involve the splitting of the lateral muscles characteristic of the flank incision.

Thus, the flank incision stands out as the approach that directly involves splitting the latissimus dorsi and oblique muscles, which is crucial for the surgical access required in specific procedures involving the kidneys or ureters.